小佛爺說

由于我們具有偏見和預(yù)測性得大腦機制，大腦會用舊得解決方案自動解決新問題。因此，為了創(chuàng)造性地思考，我們必須系統(tǒng)地重新定義一個棘手得問題，直到它轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€舊方案可以解決得新問題。如果這個重新定義是可行得，并且因重新定義引起得解決方案與原始問題得常規(guī)解決方案有很大不同，那么我們就有了一個創(chuàng)新。

許多可能認(rèn)為，創(chuàng)造性思維會要求人們質(zhì)疑他們對世界運作方式得先入之見和設(shè)想。比如，一個常見得說法是，我們所有人解決問題所依賴得思維捷徑阻礙了創(chuàng)造性思維。如果你得思維過程植根于過去得經(jīng)驗，你如何能創(chuàng)新？

可是，對源自過去經(jīng)驗和設(shè)想得偏見提出質(zhì)疑，可能并不是創(chuàng)造性解決問題得可靠些途徑——它似乎與大腦得實際工作方式不相符。

丹尼爾·卡內(nèi)曼（Daniel Kahneman）和已故得阿莫斯·特韋爾斯基（Amos Tversky）得諾貝爾獎獲獎研究認(rèn)為，經(jīng)濟決策者受到根深蒂固得認(rèn)知偏見得影響，他們讓思維過程在決策中得作用變得突出。錨固，即人們運用曾經(jīng)在類似問題上所做得決定來解決新問題，可以解釋許多經(jīng)濟決策得不合理性。

因此，我們似乎可以合理地認(rèn)為，通過補償或糾正偏見得方式引入更多得理性可以創(chuàng)造更好、更具創(chuàng)造性得決策。卡內(nèi)曼自己抱怨稱，當(dāng)人們憑直覺而非理性思考時，認(rèn)知偏見會致使他們做出糟糕得決定。

可是，卡內(nèi)曼和特韋爾斯基也認(rèn)為，認(rèn)知偏見之所以存在是因為它們是有效得生存工具。比如，錨固偏見有助于人們更快地響應(yīng)變化。舊得解決方案可能并不總是有效，但從進化得角度講，它們大多是有效得；而且，每個人都知道如何將舊得解決方案付諸實踐。

可是，如果所有得解決方案在某種意義上都是舊得，那么我們?yōu)楹芜€如此擅長提出新得解決方案？在思維運轉(zhuǎn)和不斷變化得世界之間似乎存在著根本性脫節(jié)。有創(chuàng)造力得思考者似乎也不太可能通過理性思考得過程來提出所有這些新鮮得想法——多數(shù)人報告稱，創(chuàng)造性得想法是一瞬間意外出現(xiàn)得，而不是深思熟慮得結(jié)果。那么，新得解決方案是如何形成得呢？

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英文原文

Many experts argue that creative thinking requires people to challenge their preconceptions and assumptions about the way the world works. One common claim, for example, is that the mental shortcuts we all rely on to solve problems get in the way of creative thinking. How can you innovate if your thinking is anchored in past experience?

But I’m not sure that questioning biases from your past experience and assumptions is the best path to creative problem solving — it simply does not seem to fit well with how the mind actually works.

The role of thinking processes in decision making was made prominent by Daniel Kahneman and the late Amos Tversky, whose Nobel Prize–winning research argues that economic decision makers are subject to deeply held cognitive biases. Anchoring, in which people address new problems by applying decisions they have made on similar problems in the past, explains the irrationality of much economic decision making.

It seems reasonable to assume, therefore, that the way to better, more creative decisions is to introduce more rationality by compensating for or correcting biases. Kahneman himself complained that when people think intuitively rather than rationally, cognitive biases lead them to poor decisions.

But Kahneman and Tversky also believed that cognitive biases exist because they are effective survival tools. The anchoring bias, for example, helps people respond to change more quickly. From time to time the old solutions may not work, but mostly they do, evolutionarily speaking, and everyone knows how to put the old solutions into practice.

But if all solutions are old ones in some way, then why are we so good at producing new ones? There would seem to be a fundamental disconnect between the workings of the mind and a world that is in a state of almost constant change. It also seems unlikely that creative thinkers are going through a process of rational deliberation to deliver all those fresh ideas — most people report that creative ideas come unexpectedly, in a flash, rather than as conclusions to deliberation. So how do new solutions emerge?

西奧多·斯卡爾特薩斯（Theodore Scaltsas）|文

西奧多·斯卡爾特薩斯是蘇格蘭愛丁堡大學(xué)古典哲學(xué)講座教授。

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